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Study Examines Gender Differences In Immune System's Response To HIV
New research showing that "a receptor molecule involved in the recognition of HIV-1 responds to the virus differently in women than in men," might "explain why HIV infection progresses faster to AIDS in women than in men with similar viral loads," the HealthDay/Greenville Daily Reflector reports. The study was conducted by researchers at the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University and will be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Nature Medicine. Study authors also note that during the early stages of infection, women tend to have a stronger immune response to HIV than men, but then progress to AIDS more quickly. The different immune system response "then leads to differences in chronic T-cell activation, a known activator of disease progression, according to the researchers," the article states (7/13). Researcher Marcus Altfeld said the findings raise new questions about how sex hormones affect HIV in the body. "Focusing on immune activation separately from viral replication might give us new therapeutic approaches" to treating HIV, he added (AFP/Google News, 7/13).
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As Patients Age, Future Physicians Develop End Of Life Skills
The American Medical Student Association (AMSA), the nation"s oldest and largest, independent association for physicians-in-training, is pleased to present the graduates of the AMSA Foundation-VITAS End of Life Education Fellowship Program. Five medical students have spent the past six weeks immersing themselves in end of life (EOL) care issues.
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Cancer Patients Benefit From Speed, Accuracy Of RapidArc Radiotherapy Treatments
Peter Campbell, 65, was struggling to find the words to communicate. When his wife asked what his name was and where he lived, he couldn"t think of the answers. Following a CT scan of his brain, he learned that an aggressive type of brain tumor was hindering his speech and language functions. The tumor was removed surgically, and as is standard for treating this type of brain tumor, Campbell began a seven-week course of radiotherapy that is targeting the area where the lesion was removed, in order to kill any cancer cells that might have been left behind.
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Aberrant ERG Expression Cooperates With Loss Of PTEN To Promote Cancer Progression In The Prostate

UroToday.com - Two papers in the May 5, 2009 edition of Nature Genetics link ERG chromosomal gene translocations with loss of PTEN in the early stages of prostate cancer (CaP) progression. Both are reviewed in Urotoday. In this report, Dr. Brett Carver and colleagues studied TMPRSS2-ERG genetic rearrangement, which are reported in up to 50% of primary prostate cancer tumors. The ETS overexpression is also linked to the invasive and metastatic phenotype. ERG rearrangements are not commonly found in high-grade PIN (HGPIN), even though it is present in surrounding CaP areas from the same primary tumor. They validated this by microarray of 40 CaP tumors. PTEN loss or alteration occurs in 30-70% of CaP tumors, and the investigators evaluated whether loss of PTEN and ERG genetic rearrangements is a concomitant event in CaP. Among 40 CaP specimens, PTEN protein expression was decreased or absent in 68% of samples and ERG rearrangements by FISH analysis were present in 38%. Fourteen of 15 ERG-positive samples had altered PTEN expression. They also tested their hypothesis in mice. In Pten knockout mice with concomitant p53 loss, mRNA levels in tumors showed markedly increased levels of ERG. To further understand whether aberrant prostatic expression of ERG would interact with PTEN loss to promote CaP development and progression in mice, they generated mice expressing ERG under the control of the probasin promoter (PB-ERG). The phenotype was a highly invasive CaP with reduced cancer latency. The overexpression of ERG did not seem to directly affect PTEN levels, but it somehow interacted through a complementary pathway. In vitro delineation of this found that while proliferation was not altered, tumor cell migration was increased. Microarray identified the chemokine receptor CXCR4 as transcriptionally upregulated. CXCR4 was found to have 2 ETS promoter binding regions and knockdown of CXCR4 inhibited cell migration. These data link two frequent and critical events in CaP to promote tumor development and progression. Carver BS, Tran J, Gopalan A, Chen Z, Shaikh S, Carracedo A, Alimonti A, Nardella C, Varmeh S, Scardino PT, Cordon-Cardo C, Gerald W, Pandolfi PP Nat Genet. 2009 May;41(5):619-24. doi: 10.1038/ng.370 Written by UroToday.com Contributing Editor Christopher P. Evans, MD, FACS UroToday - the only urology website with original content written by global urology key opinion leaders actively engaged in clinical practice. To access the latest urology news releases from UroToday, go to: www.urotoday.com Copyright © 2009 - UroToday


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